Cervical Cancer — Prevention, Early Detection, and Expert Treatment

Cervical cancer originates in the lower part of the womb (the cervix) that connects to the vagina. Most cases are linked to long-term infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through skin or sexual contact. While the immune system clears HPV naturally in most women, in some cases, it can persist and lead to cell changes that may develop into gynaecological cancer over time.

Early detection through screening and HPV vaccination provides the best protection and facilitates highly effective treatment when cervical cancer is identified at an early stage.

Cervical cancer may not present symptoms initially. As it progresses, it can lead to:

• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
• Heavier or longer menstrual bleeding than usual
• Watery or blood-stained vaginal discharge that may have an odour
• Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse

If you experience any of these symptoms, seek a medical review promptly. Many other conditions, including fibroids, can cause similar symptoms, but they should always be checked by a gynaecologist.

Regular screening is essential in preventing most cervical cancers. Screening may include:

• Pap (smear) test — detects abnormal or precancerous cells
• HPV test — checks for high-risk HPV infection

If results are abnormal, further tests such as colposcopy and biopsy may be advised to confirm any changes. If cancer is diagnosed, imaging (MRI, CT, or PET scan) helps determine the stage and guide treatment options.

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage, tumour size, and your individual circumstances. Options include:

Surgery – for early-stage cancer, this might involve:

• Cone biopsy or LOOP excision to remove only the affected area
• Radical trachelectomy (removal of the cervix with uterine preservation) for selected patients where future childbearing is desired
• Radical hysterectomy (removal of cervix, uterus, part of the vagina, and nearby lymph nodes)

Where suitable, surgery may be performed using robotic or minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopy, for faster recovery.

Radiation therapy – either external or internal (brachytherapy), sometimes delivered as part of combined treatment protocols.

Systemic treatments – coordinated through multidisciplinary oncology teams following evidence-based national protocols for advanced disease.

Additional therapies – determined by specialist oncology team recommendations based on individual case factors and latest clinical evidence.

Dr Mohamed Otify is a Consultant Gynaecological Oncologist and Gynaecological Surgeon with subspecialist expertise in organ-preserving and minimally invasive procedures. He works within a multidisciplinary team to ensure each patient receives evidence-based, compassionate care tailored to their situation.

If you have abnormal screening results or symptoms such as unexpected bleeding, book a consultation for assessment, advice, and expert guidance regarding your gynaecological health.